Microbiology and immunology
in the national interest

About our group

The Microbiology/Immunology Group is part of the Biosciences and Biotechnology Division within the Physical and Life Sciences Directorate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

We are a diverse group of scientists with expertise in microbiology, virology, immunology, infectious disease pathogenesis, and microbiome science.

We conduct research on clinical and environmental hostpathogen interactions, vaccine and therapeutic design, viral evolution, and microbial communities. Our projects prioritize application spaces critical to the national interest, including biothreat viruses and bacteria, rapid responses to emerging disease, and military medicine.

Mission: Perform leading-edge microbiology and immunology research to fill knowledge gaps and deliver technology products that serve vital national needs.

Vision: Maintain and expand an innovative, flexible portfolio of multidisciplinary research that integrates LLNL’s biomedical, computational, and bioengineering capabilities for an improved national capacity to address emerging needs in infectious disease and microbe–human dynamics.

We address our mission space through capabilities in:

  • Comparative genomics and metagenomics
  • Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics
  • Animal models
  • In vitro assay design, development, and application
  • Integration with high-performance computing simulations and machine learning

In the news

Our team

Be, Nicholas A.
Weilhammer, Dina R.
Arrildt, Kate
Borucki, Monica K.
Graham, Monica Elaine
Monica Graham
Kok, Car Reen
Oluwasemowo, Olukunle Oluwapamilerin
Rangel, Margarita
Weisenberger, Tracy Marie
Tracy Weisenberger

Our publications

2025

Microbiome dynamics in the congregate environment of U.S. Army Infantry training | Microbiol Spectr.
C.R. Kok, M.D. Morrison, J.B. Thissen, S. Mabery, M.L. Carson, J.A. Kimbrel, J.W. Bennett, D.R. Tribble, E.V. Millar, K. Mende, N.A. Be

Phylodynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Lineages B.1.1.7, B.1.1.529 and B.1.617.2 in Nigeria Suggests Divergent Evolutionary Trajectories | Pathogens
B.O. Motayo, O.O. Oluwasemowo, A.B. Onoja, P.A. Akinduti, A.O. Faneye

High-quality Acinetobacter genomes recovered from combat wounds via metagenomic sequencing resemble cultured isolate genomes | Microbiol Spectr.
J.A. Kimbrel, J.B. Thissen, F.A. Lisboa, S. Mabery, C.J. Jaing, E.A. Elster, S.A. Schobel, N.A. Be

Benchmarking Concentration and Extraction Methods for Wastewater-Based Surveillance of Eight Human Respiratory Viruses: Implications for Rapid Application to Novel Pathogens | Environ Sci Technol.
A.L. Wang, M. Jiang, A. Nguyen, S.R. Kane, M.K. Borucki, R.S. Kantor, K.L. Nelson

Design of cross-reactive antigens with machine learning and high-throughput experimental evaluation | Front Bioinform.
C. Chesterman, T. Desautels, L.J. Sierra, K.T. Arrildt, A. Zemla, E.Y. Lau, S. Sundaram, J. Laliberte, L. Chen, A. Ruby, M. Mednikov, S. Bertholet, D. Yu, K. Luisi, E. Malito, C.P. Mallett, M.J. Bottomley, R.A. van den Berg, D. Faissol.

Early immune response to Coccidioides is characterized by robust neutrophil and fibrotic macrophage recruitment and differentiation | Microbiol Spectr.
N. Miranda, O.A. Davalos, A. Sebastian, M.V. Rangel, N.F. Leon, B.M. Gorman, D.K. Murugesh, N.R. Hum, G.G. Loots, K.K. Hoyer, D.R. Weilhammer

Harnessing Machine Learning for Agnostic Biodetection | Health Secur.
S.H. Sandholtz, C. Valdes, N. Mulakken, M.W. Torres, A. Avila-Herrera, J.A. Drocco, J.M. Martí, J.E. Allen, U. Tipnis, C.J. Jaing, N.A. Be

Field expedient stool collection methods for gut microbiome analysis in deployed military environments | mSphere
C.R. Kok, J.B. Thissen, M. Cerroni, D.R. Tribble, A. Cancio, S. Tran, C. Schofield, R.E. Colombo, T. Troth, C. Joya, T. Lalani, N.A. Be

Preemptive optimization of a clinical antibody for broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants and robustness against viral escape | Sci Adv.
F. Zhu, S. Rajan, C.F. Hayes, K.Y. Kwong, A.R. Goncalves, A.T. Zemla, E.Y. Lau, Y. Zhang, Y. Cai, J.W. Goforth, M. Landajuela, P. Gilchuk, M. Kierny, A. Dippel, B. Amofah, G. Kaplan, V. Cadevilla Peano, C. Morehouse, B. Sparklin, V. Gopalakrishnan, K.M. Tuffy, A. Nguyen, J. Beloor, G. Kijak, C. Liu, A. Dijokaite-Guraliuc, J. Mongkolsapaya, G.R. Screaton, B.K. Petersen, T.A. Desautels, D. Bennett, S. Conti, B.W. Segelke, K.T. Arrildt, S. Kaul, E.A. Grzesiak, F.L. da Silva, T.W. Bates, C.G. Earnhart, S. Hopkins, S. Sundaram, M.T. Esser, J.R. Francica, D.M. Faissol, LLNL Generative Unconstrained Intelligent Drug Engineering (GUIDE) consortium

Addressing the dynamic nature of reference data: a new nucleotide database for robust metagenomic classification | mSystems
J.M. Martí, C.R. Kok, J.B. Thissen, N.J. Mulakken, A. Avila-Herrera, C.J. Jaing, J.E. Allen, N.A. Be

Direct effects of prolonged TNF-α and IL-6 exposure on neural activity in human iPSC-derived neuron-astrocyte co-cultures | Front Cell Neurosci.
N. Goshi, D. Lam, C. Bogguri, V.K. George, A. Sebastian, J. Cadena, N.F. Leon, N.R. Hum, D.R. Weilhammer, N.O. Fischer, H.A. Enright

Nanobody screening and machine learning guided identification of cross-variant anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing heavy-chain only antibodies | PLoS Pathog.
P.R. McIlroy, L.T.M. Pham, T. Sheffield, M.A. Stefan, C.E. Thatcher, J. Jaryenneh, J.L. Schwedler, A. Sinha, C.A. Sumner, I.K.A. Jones, S. Won, R.C. Bruneau, D.R. Weilhammer, Z. Liu, S. Whelan, O.A. Negrete, K.L. Sale, B. Harmon

Combining computational modeling and experimental library screening to affinity-mature VEEV-neutralizing antibody F5 | Protein Sci.
C.A. Sumner, J.L. Schwedler, K.M. McCoy, J. Holland, V. Duva, D. Gelperin, V. Busygina, M.A. Stefan, D.V. Martinez, M.A. Juarros, A.M. Phillips, D.R. Weilhammer, G. Grigoryan, M.S. Kent, B.N. Harmon.

Improved Zika virus plaque assay using Vero/TMPRSS2 cell line | Microbiol Spectr.
O.O. Oluwasemowo, M.E. Graham, D.K. Murugesh, M.K. Borucki

Spatiotemporal analysis of lung immune dynamics in lethal Coccidioides posadasii infection | mBio
O.A. Davalos, A. Sebastian, N.F. Leon, M.V. Rangel, N. Miranda, D.K. Murugesh, A.M. Phillips, K.K. Hoyer, N.R. Hum, G.G. Loots, D.R. Weilhammer


2024

Single-cell and spatiotemporal transcriptomic profiling of brain immune infiltration following Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection | Front Immunol
M.V. Rangel, A. Sebastian, N.F. Leon, A.M. Phillips, B.M. Gorman, N.R. Hum, D.R. Weilhammer

Evaluation of Subetadex-α-methyl, a Polyanionic Cyclodextrin Scaffold, as a Medical Countermeasure against Fentanyl and Related Opioids | ACS Cent Sci
M.A. Malfatti, H.A. Enright, S. McCloy, E.A. Ubick, E. Kuhn, A. Subramanian, V.H.L. Lao, D. Lam, N.A. Be, S. Hok, E.Y. Lau, D.C. Kaseman, B.P. Mayer, C.A. Valdez

Improved Zika virus plaque assay using Vero/TMPRSS2 cell line | Microbiol Spectr
O.O. Oluwasemowo, M.E. Graham, D.K. Murugesh, M.K. Borucki

Spatiotemporal analysis of lung immune dynamics in lethal Coccidioides posadasii infection | mBio
O.A. Davalos, A. Sebastian, N.F. Leon, M.V. Rangel, N. Miranda, D.K. Murugesh, A.M. Phillips, K.K. Hoyer, N.R. Hum, G.G. Loots, D.R. Weilhammer

Cell-Free Screening, Production and Animal Testing of a STI-Related Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein Supported in Nanolipoproteins | Vaccines (Basel)
M. Mohagheghi, A. Abisoye-Ogunniyan, A.C. Evans, A.E. Peterson, G.A. Bude, S. Hoang-Phou, B.D. Vannest, D. Hall, A. Rasley, D.R. Weilhammer, N.O. Fischer, W. He, B.V. Robinson, S. Pal, A. Slepenkin, L. de la Maza, M.A. Coleman

Efforts to enhance reproducibility in a human performance research project | F1000Res
J.A. Drocco, K. Halliday, B.J. Stewart, S.H. Sandholtz, M.D. Morrison, J.B. Thissen, N.A. Be, C.E. Zwilling, R.R. Wilcox, S.A. Culpepper, A.K. Barbey, C.J. Jaing

Host tracheal and intestinal microbiomes inhibit Coccidioides growth in vitro | Microbiol Spectr
S. Tejeda-Garibay, L. Zhao, N.R. Hum, M. Pimentel, A.L. Diep, B. Amiri, S.S. Sindi, D.R. Weilhammer, G.G. Loots, K.K. Hoyer

Computationally restoring the potency of a clinical antibody against Omicron | Nature
T.A. Desautels, K.T. Arrildt, A.T. Zemla, E.Y. Lau, F. Zhu, D. Ricci, S. Cronin, S.J. Zost, E. Binshtein, S.M. Scheaffer, B. Dadonaite, B.K. Petersen, T.B. Engdahl, E. Chen, L.S. Handal, L. Hall, J.W. Goforth, D. Vashchenko, S. Nguyen, D.R. Weilhammer, J.K. Lo, B. Rubinfeld, E.A. Saada, T. Weisenberger, T.H. Lee, B. Whitener, J.B. Case, A. Ladd, M.S. Silva, R.M. Haluska, E.A. Grzesiak, C.G. Earnhart, S. Hopkins, T.W. Bates, L.B. Thackray, B.W. Segelke, Tri-lab COVID-19 Consortium, A.M. Lillo, S. Sundaram, J.D. Bloom, M.S. Diamond, J.E. Crowe Jr, R.H. Carnahan, D.M. Faissol

Differential laboratory passaging of SARS-CoV-2 viral stocks impacts the in vitro assessment of neutralizing antibodies | PLoS One
A. Avila-Herrera, J.A. Kimbrel, J. Manuel Martí, J. Thissen, E.A. Saada, T. Weisenberger, K.T. Arrildt, B.W. Segelke, J.E. Allen, A. Zemla, M.K. Borucki

Evaluation of the Impact of Concentration and Extraction Methods on the Targeted Sequencing of Human Viruses from Wastewater | Environ. Sci. Technol.
M. Jiang, A.L.W. Wang, N.A. Be, N. Mulakken, K.L. Nelson, R.S. Kantor

Evaluation of Inactivation Methods for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mouse Microglia | Pathogens
M.V. Rangel, F.A. Bourguet, C.I. Hall, D.R. Weilhammer

The influence of microbial colonization on inflammatory versus pro-healing trajectories in combat extremity wounds | Scientific Reports
S.A. Schobel, E.R. Gann, D. Unselt, S.F. Grey, F.A. Lisboa, M.M. Upadhyay, M. Rouse, S. Tallowin, N.A. Be, X. Zhang, C.L. Dalgard, M.D. Wilkerson, M. Hauskrecht, S.F. Badylak, R. Zamora, Y. Vodovotz, B.K. Potter, T.A. Davis, E.A. Elster

The military gear microbiome: risk factors surrounding the warfighter | Appl Environ Microbiol
C.R. Kok, Z. Bram, J.B. Thissen, T.S. Horseman, K.S.K. Fong, S.A. Reichert-Scrivner, C. Paguirigan, K. O'Connor, K. Thompson, A.E. Scheiber, V. Mabery, S. Ngauy, C.F. Uyehara, N.A. Be

Therapeutic efficacy of a potent anti-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus antibody is contingent on Fc effector function | MAbs
J.L. Schwedler, M.A. Stefan, C.E. Thatcher, P.R. McIlroy, A. Sinha, A.M. Phillips, C.A. Sumner, C.M. Courtney, C.Y. Kim, D.R. Weilhammer, B. Harmon


2023

Coccidioidomycosis Osteoarticular Dissemination | J. Fungi
B.M. Moni, B.L. Wise, G.G. Loots, D.R. Weilhammer

Evaluation of 6-OxP-CD, an Oxime-based cyclodextrin as a viable medical countermeasure against nerve agent poisoning: Experimental and molecular dynamic simulation studies on its inclusion complexes with cyclosarin, soman and VX | PLoS One
E.Y. Lau, H.A. Enright, V. Lao, M.A. Malfatti, B.P. Mayer, A.M. Williams, C.A. Valdez

Improved chemical synthesis, identification and evaluation of prospective centrally active oxime antidotes for the treatment of nerve agent exposure | Tetrahedron
C.A. Valdez, D. Lam, V. Lao, A. Subramanian, H.A. Enright, M.A. Malfatti, N.A. Be, M.L. Dreyer

Targeted metagenomic assessment reflects critical colonization in battlefield injuries | Microbiol. Spectr.
C.R. Kok, N. Mulakken, J.B. Thissen, S.F. Grey, A. Avila-Herrera, M.M. Upadhyay, F.A. Lisboa, S. Mabery, E.A. Elster, S.A. Schobel, N.A. Be


2022

Domestic Dogs as Sentinels for West Nile Virus but not Aedes-borne Flaviviruses, Mexico | Emerg. Infect. Dis.
E. Davila, N.A. Fernández-Santos, J.G. Estrada-Franco, L. Wei, J.A. Aguilar-Durán, M. de J. López-López, R. Solís-Hernández, R. García-Miranda, D.D. Velázquez-Ramírez, J. Torres-Romero, S. Arellano Chávez, R. Cruz-Cadena, R. Navarro-López, A.A. Pérez de León, C. Guichard-Romero, E. Martin, W. Tang, M. Frank, M. Borucki, M.J. Turell, A. Pauvolid-Corrêa, M.A. Rodríguez-Pérez, H. Ochoa-Díaz-López, S.A. Hamer, G.L. Hamer

Large-scale application of free energy perturbation calculations for antibody design | Scientific Reports
F. Zhu, F.A. Bourguet, W.F.D. Bennett, E.Y. Lau, K.T. Arrildt, B.W. Segelke, A.T. Zemla, T.A. Desautels, and D.M. Faissol

MAVS mediates a protective immune response in the brain to Rift Valley fever virus | PLOS Pathogens
N.R. Hum, F.A. Bourguet, A. Sebastian, D. Lam, A.M. Phillips, K.R. Sanchez, A. Rasley, G.G. Loots, and D.R. Weilhammer

Metagenomic features of bioburden serve as outcome indicators in combat extremity wounds | Sci. Rep.
A. Avila-Herrera, J.B. Thissen, N. Mulakken, S.A. Schobel, M.D. Morrison, X. Zhou, S.F. Grey, F.A. Lisboa, D. Unselt, S. Mabery, M.M. Upadhyay, C.J. Jaing, E.A. Elster, N.A. Be

Multiple Mutations Associated with Emergent Variants Can Be Detected as Low-Frequency Mutations in Early SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic Clinical Samples | Viruses
J. Kimbrel, J. Moon, A. Avila-Herrera, J.M. Martí, J. Thissen, N. Mulakken, S.H. Sandholtz, T. Ferrell, C. Daum, S. Hall, B. Segelke, K.T. Arrildt, S. Messenger, D.A. Wadford, C. Jaing, J.E. Allen, M.K. Borucki

SARS-CoV-2 Monitoring in Wastewater Reveals Novel Variants and Biomarkers of Infection | Viruses
J. McGowan, M. Borucki, H. Omairi, M. Varghese, S. Vellani, S. Chakravarty, S. Fan, S. Chattopadhyay, M. Siddiquee, J.B. Thissen, N. Mulakken, J. Moon, J. Kimbrel, A.K. Tiwari, R.T. Taylor, D.W. Kang, C. Jaing, R. Chakravarti, S. Chattopadhyay

Tailored approach to study Legionella infection using a lattice light sheet microscope (LLSM) | Biomed Opt. Express
X. Yi, H. Miao, J.K. Lo, M.M. Elsheikh, T.H. Lee, C. Jiang, Y. Zhang, B.W. Segelke, K.W. Overton, P.T. Bremer, T.A. Laurence


2021

A Survey of Preclinical Studies Evaluating Nanoparticle-Based Vaccines Against Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections | Front. Pharmacol.
A. Abisoye-Ogunniyan, M. Carrano, D.R. Weilhammer, S.F. Gilmore, N.O. Fischer, S. Pal, L.M. de la Maza, M.A. Coleman, A. Rasley

Development of a CNS-permeable reactivator for nerve agent exposure: an iterative, multi-disciplinary approach | Sci. Rep.
B.J. Bennion, M.A. Malfatti, N.A. Be, H.A. Enright, S. Hok, C.L. Cadieux, T.S. Carpenter, V. Lao, E.A. Kuhn, M.W. McNerney, F.C. Lightstone, T.H. Nguyen, C.A. Valdez

Development of potent and effective synthetic SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing nanobodies | mAbs
M.A. Stefan, Y.K. Light, J.L. Schwedler, P.R. McIlroy, C.M. Courtney, E.A. Saada, C.E. Thatcher, A.M. Phillips, F.A. Bourguet, C.M. Mageeney, S.A. McCloy, N.M. Collette, O.A. Negrete, J.S. Schoeniger, D.R. Weilhammer, B. Harmon

Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Using a Computational and Experimental Pipeline | Front. Mol. Biosci.
E.Y. Lau, O.A. Negrete, W.F.D. Bennett, B.J. Bennion, M. Borucki, F. Bourguet, A. Epstein, M. Franco, B. Harmon, S. He, D. Jones, H. Kim, D. Kirshner, V. Lao, J. Lo, K. McLoughlin, R. Mosesso, D.K. Murugesh, E.A. Saada, B. Segelke, M.A. Stefan, G.A. Stevenson, M.W. Torres, D.R. Weilhammer, S. Wong, Y. Yang, A. Zemla, X. Zhang, F. Zhu, J.E. Allen, F.C. Lightstone

Performance of three-dimensional printed nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 testing | MRS Bulletin
A. Tooker, M.L. Moya, D.N. Wang, D. Freeman, M. Borucki, E. Wheeler, G. Larsen, M. Shusteff, E.B. Duoss, C.M. Spadaccini Tooker

Quantitative Fit Evaluation of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators and Coronavirus Inactivation Following Heat Treatment | Ann. Work Expo. and Health
T.L. Massey, M.K. Borucki, S.Y. Paik, K.W. Fuhrer, M. Bora, S.R. Kane, R.M. Haque, S.H. Baxamusa

Shotgun Immunoproteomic Approach for the Discovery of Linear B-Cell Epitopes in Biothreat Agents Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei | Front. Immunol.
P. D’haeseleer, N.M. Collette, V. Lao, B.W. Segelke, S.S. Branda, M. Franco

The Eco-Bio-Social Factors That Modulate Aedes aegypti Abundance in South Texas Border Communities | Insects
J.G. Juarez, S.M. Garcia-Luna, M.C.I. Medeiros, K.L. Dickinson, M.K. Borucki, M. Frank, I. Badillo-Vargas, L.F. Chaves, G.L. Hamer


2020

Cell fusing agent virus (Flavivirus) infection in Aedes aegypti in Texas: seasonality, comparison by trap type, and individual viral loads | Arch. Virol.
E. Martin, W. Tang, C. Briggs, H. Hopson, J.G. Juarez, S.M. Garcia-Luna, M.W. de Valdez, I.E. Badillo-Vargas, M.K. Borucki, M. Frank, G.L. Hamer

Characterization of Bacillus anthracis Spore Proteins Using a Nanoscaffold Vaccine Platform | Front. Immunol.
D.R. Weilhammer, A.D. Dunkle, T. Boone, S.F. Gilmore, M. Khemmani, S.K.G. Peters, P.D. Hoeprich, N.O. Fischer, C.D. Blanchette, A. Driks, A. Rasley

Countermeasures for Preventing and Treating Opioid Overdose | Clin. Pharmacol. Ther.
C.P. France, G.P. Ahern, S. Averick, A. Disney, H.A. Enright, B. Esmaeli-Azad, A. Federico, L.R. Gerak, S.M. Husbands, B. Kolber, E.Y. Lau, V. Lao, D.R. Maguire, M.A. Malfatti, G. Martinez, B.P. Mayer, M. Pravetoni, N. Sahibzada, P. Skolnick, E.Y. Snyder, N. Tomycz, C.A. Valdez

Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces | PLoS One
A Avila-Herrera, J Thissen, C Urbaniak, NA Be, DJ Smith, F Karouia, S Mehta, K Venkateswaran, C. Jaing

High Rate of Non-Human Feeding by Aedes aegypti Reduces Zika Virus Transmission in South Texas | Viruses
M.F. Olson, M.L. Ndeffo-Mbah, J.G. Juarez, S. Garcia-Luna, E. Martin, M.K. Borucki, M. Frank, J.G. Estrada-Franco, M.A. Rodríguez-Pérez, N.A. Fernández-Santos, G.J. Molina-Gamboa, S.D. Carmona Aguirre, B.L. Reyes-Berrones, L.J. Cortés-De la Cruz, A. García-Barrientos, R.E. Huidobro-Guevara, R.M. Brussolo-Ceballos, J. Ramirez, A. Salazar, L.F. Chaves, I.E. Badillo-Vargas, G.L. Hamer

Sierra Nevada sweep: metagenomic measurements of bioaerosols vertically distributed across the troposphere | Sci. Rep.
C. Jaing, J. Thissen, M. Morrison, M.B. Dillon, S.M. Waters, G.T. Graham, N.A. Be, P. Nicoll, S. Verma, T. Caro, D.J. Smith

Single Amino Acid Mutations Affect Zika Virus Replication In Vitro and Virulence In Vivo | Viruses
N.M. Collette, V.H.I. Lao, D.R. Weilhammer, B. Zingg, S.D. Cohen, M. Hwang, L.L. Coffey, S.L. Grady, A.T. Zemla, M.K. Borucki

Two Sides of a Coin: a Zika Virus Mutation Selected in Pregnant Rhesus Macaques Promotes Fetal Infection in Mice but at a Cost of Reduced Fitness in Nonpregnant Macaques and Diminished Transmissibility by Vectors | J. Virol.
D. Lemos, J.B. Stuart, W. Louie, A. Singapuri, A.L. Ramírez, J. Watanabe, J. Usachenko, R.I. Keesler, C. Sanchez-San Martin, T. Li, C. Martyn, G. Oliveira, S. Saraf, N.D. Grubaugh, K.G. Andersen, J. Thissen, J. Allen, M. Borucki, K.A. Tsetsarkin, A.G. Pletnev, C.Y. Chiu, K.K.A. Van Rompay, L.L. Coffey